Learning

Associative Learning - Certain events occur together

Types of Learning

Classical - Pavlov

• Unconditioned Stimulus - Naturally and automatically triggers a response
• Unconditioned Response - The unlearned, naturally occurring response to the UCS
• Conditioned Stimulus -  After association, triggers response
• Conditioned Response - Learned response to previously neutral stimulus

Terms

• Acquisition - Initial stage of learning; neutral stimulus associated with UCS -> neutral stimulus elicit CR [CS before UCS; close in timing]
• Extinction - Diminishing of conditioned response -> UCS does not follow CS
• Spontaneous Recovery - Reappearance of extinguished CS
• Generalization - Likelihood for stimuli similar to CS to elicit responses
• Discrimination - Ability to distinguish between CS and other stimuli that does not signal UCS

Operant 

Learning which behavior is strengthened if followed by reinforcement or diminished if followed by punishment

• Classical vs. Operant - Acquisition, Discrimination, SR, Generalization, Extinction
• Classical - Automatic respondent behavior
• Operant - Behavior influence environment, can have consequences

Edward Thorndike - (Law of Effect) Rewarded behavior likely to recover

B.F. Skinner

• Shaping - Procedure in op. conditioning in which reinforcers guide behavior closer toward goal
• Reinforcer - Event that strengthens behavior
• Positive - Stimulus after response
• Negative - Reducing/ Removal of aversive stimulus
• Primary - innately reinforcing stimulus
• Secondary - Reinforces through association with primary stimulus

Reinforcement Schedules

• Continuous - Reinforces after every occurrence
• Partial - Reinforces after certain response part
• Fixed Ratio - Reinforces response after certain # of responses
• Variable Ratio - Reinforces after unpredictable amount of responses
• Fixed Interval - Reinforces after elapsed time
• Variable Interval - Reinforces after unpredictable time intervals

Punishments - To reduce behaviors

• Positive - Addition of something unpleasant
• Negative - Removal of something pleasant
• Works when done after behavior and is harsh

Token Economy - Desirable behavior -> Token

• Can be used for prizes (reinforcers); in homes,prisons,asylums, and schools

Observational Learning - From Albert Bandura & Bobo doll -> Learning by copying behavior from others

• Observational Learning + Operant Conditioning = Social Learning Theory

Latent Learning - Not immediately evident; Edward Toleman; Three rat experiment

Insight Learning - Wolfgang Koehler & Chimpanzees - Learn through "Ah Ha" Experience.